Water and Environment Engineering

Introduction Village Background Buayan is located in Sabah state in Malaysia. The village is situated in the Northwestern part of the state, near the seacoast (Kennedy, 2011). The name of the village is predetermined by a long history. According to the account of one of the representatives of Ulu Papar generation, Buayan suffered from a 7-year drought long time ago (John, Sipanis, 2013). The dry season led to the exhaustion of water resources.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Water and Environment Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, there was one part of the river that managed to survive from the drought and that humans could not access because of the river turtle, named Suyan, who never left the area. However, one of the village residents made an offer to the turtle and the latter allowed humans to use water from the river. As a result of this offering, Buayan village was founde d. Although the history of the village name is just a legend, much information turns out to be logical because of the villagers experiencing water scarcity. Importance of Water Supply for the Village It has been discovered that water supply level, particularly climatic seasonal variations have a potent impact on power supply (Kennedy, 2011). The statistic demonstrates the evident increase in the village energy demand during dry seasons because most of energy resources have been spent on building the irrigation systems and artificial water supply systems. Statistics in Comparison to Other Villages To ensure sufficient water supply in the region, Sabah Water Resources Enactment was introduced in 1998. The total area of the river resources in the district equals to 34321 ha, which is 97.5 of the entire resources of freshwater in Sabar. The quality of freshwater in the region was worsened significantly from 1990 to 2004 (Credit and Microfinance Needs in Inland Capture Fisheries Developm ent and Conservation in Asia, 2007). This could be judged by the supply and quality of freshwater fish in the village. Specifically, it has been discovered that there is a tangible decline in overall fish landing, despite the slight recovery of fishing in 2004. This improvement is explained by the advancement of information gathering techniques rather than by actual increase in inland quantity. In contrast to the Buayan village problems with water shortages, other regions also suffered from insufficient water management. According to the reports, over 30,000 people in Sabak Bernam and Kuala Selangor regions were affected by a draught (Hassan, 2012). Although this figure is not significant as compared to the situation in the village, it still needed consideration.Advertising Looking for critical writing on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Water Supply in relation to International Indicator HDI According to International Human Development Indicators, n. d.), Malaysia takes the 64th place among other countries in terms of life expectancy, incomes, and education. The ranking shows, that the quality of life in the country leaves much to be desired. Specifically, the life expectancy in the region amounts to 74.5 years in average (International Human Development Indicators n. d.). Malaysian people spend about 9.5 years for education, which is much lower as compared to the developed economies. Low level of education in Malaysia has a potent impact on the alternative solutions for supplying water resources into the areas suffering from drought. Additionally, lack of financial support does not allow the villagers to build efficient hydro-systems that would insure sufficient supply of drinking water. Normative and Subjective Assessment Influence of Water Supply Management on Community Development Water supply systems in Malaysia are highly appraised in the country because it influences the qua lity of living. Due to the fact that water supply system requires significant costs, the constructions scheme is impossible unless the government provides sufficient funding (Vincent and Ali, 2011). Specifically, the beginning of the construction could mean incredible costs and consideration of long-term marginal costs. Improving Water Quality for Better Healthcare As soon as water quality in Buayan is improved, people will not suffer from waterborne infections and, as a result, people will rarely address medical establishments. Water pollution is the major source of low of living standards in the regions and, therefore, this problem should be eliminated. Summary Modern Development in Buayan Although the village does not have access by road, almost 400 villages on the Crocker Range could make use of the power supply system (Duin, 2009). While using the power of the river water, it is highly essential for the villagers to have sufficient water supply. As response to the problem, mini -hydro supply system was introduced by Prime Minister’s Department (Duin, 2009). Using the water energy is beneficial for the village and cost-effective for the municipal government that cannot afford supplying fuels for transporting energy resources. Therefore, water scarcity can pose a serious problem for the region Human Development and Poverty in the Village Sabah is a state situated in northern part of Borner; it is considered the second largest area in Malaysia. Despite the fact that the state is abundant with natural resources, its economic development leaves much to be desired. Specifically, the statistics indicates the highest poverty rate in the region, which makes it the least developed area.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Water and Environment Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this respect, Buayan village is also among the least developed populated areas, which should be addressed. Many reforms and plans were directed at redevelopment and poverty reduction in rural areas. This is of particular concern to the 9th Malaysian Plan that focuses on the strategy for poverty reduction and improvement of quality standards of living in the region (Dambul, Omar, and Osman, 2010). Infrastructure Expansion vs. Preservation of Heritage While constructing and advancing water supply systems in Buayan, paying attention to the environment is not less important. Therefore, the hydro-support system should be developed along with the analysis of environmental solution to prevent further air and water contamination (Gunawansa Bhullar, 2013). Evaluating Water Supply As soon as the efficient water supply scheme is implemented in the region, the villagers could face another problem, such as high tariffs on drinking water consumption. At this point, it is highly necessary to reconsider the financial situation to address the problem in a consistent manner. Alternative So lution to Water Environment in the Village The problem of water supply could be improved as soon as both water supply management and finance department are coordinated to produce viable solutions. Extrapolation and Coherent Argument Provided the number of houses increase, the water supply system should also be rearranged to fit the new consumption trends. In order to meet the new demand, it is highly necessary to engage the private sector that can assist the newly created households (Gunawansa Bhullar, 2013). Specifically, five water supply systems are operational in Sabah system. However, there should an equal distribution of the resources among other districts as well. Future Trends in Water System Development While introducing the operational policy, enhanced financial distribution of resources for water supply project, as well as sanitation and drought mitigation, is among the most important issues. In this respect, funds should also be available for resource management and pla nning. Alternative solutions for funding from private segment have also been explored (Onn, 2013).Advertising Looking for critical writing on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The attention is drawn from the irrigation structures that are included into the process of reconstruction and innovation. Sufficient water system development should also be based on the presence of efficient energy system that could ensure high performance of water supply systems. Deliver of fresh water could not be efficient by means of trucks because fuel can have a threatening outcome for the environment. The region, therefore, could continue its ongoing adjustment through review of financing incentives and legislative frameworks. As a proof, Malaysia does not have sufficient and integrated legal framework for water issues, but significant progress has been made in this direction. Water Quality Assessment: Efficiency, Sustainability and Equity Issue In order to insure water quality assessment, various levels of advocacy could be implemented to ensure the accomplishment of the requirements. Further, the quality of water supply management could be ensured by sufficient information exchange between the project managers. Therefore, it is highly important to reconsider the best management practices and evaluate the new capacity building to alternative freshwater supply systems. Additionally, Buayan region must be analyzed from the political and environmental viewpoint to assess how these issues could influence the water problem. Specific attention requires poverty level, income, and demographics. Demographic information and social status can establish directions for enhancing management strategies and introducing new ideas and projects for managing water shortage. References Credit and Microfinance Needs in Inland Capture Fisheries Development and Conservation In Asia. (2007). US: Food and Agriculture Org. Dambul, R., Omar, M. A., and Osman, S. (2010). Sabah Priority Issues. Malaysia: University Malaysia, Sabah. Duin, N. (2009). Sabah Villagers Harness Power of River Water. The Start Online. Web. Gunawansa, A., Bhullar, L. (2013). Water Governance: An Evaluati on of Alternative Architectures. US: Edward Elgar Publishing. Hassan, Alisha. (2012). Water Crisis: Thousands in Malaysia Face Water Shortage. Web. International Human Development Indicators. Country Profile: Human Development Indicators. National Human Development Reports for Malaysia. Web. John, T., Sipanis, R. (2013), Discovering our History. Web. Kennedy, S. (2011). Microhydro, Microgrids, and Microenterprises: A village energy case in Sabah, Malasia. Web. Onn, L. P. (2013). Water Issues in Southeast Asia: Present Trends and Future Directions. US: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Vincent, J. R., and Ali, R. M. (2011). Managing Natural Wealth: Environment and Development in Malaysia. New York Routledge. This critical writing on Water and Environment Engineering was written and submitted by user Delaney U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Fine Arts Reduced to a Sin essays

The Fine Arts Reduced to a Sin essays The Fine Arts Reduced to a Single Principle? The theory that all art is imitation is a good starting point to deciphering what exactly art is, but it is not the cornerstone, contrary to Plato, Aristotle, and Batteuxs beliefs may be. Batteauxs Single Principle of the fine arts suggests that all art is imitation of beautiful nature conveyed through colours, relief, and attitudes. An obvious counter argument to that theory is music. As one of the fine arts Music in general is not imitative. Possibly earlier chanting rituals could be related to imitative animal sounds, as Carroll suggests, and even Rap artists from today such as DMX might fit in this category; who imitate animal sounds in their music, whether it be by barking, or even cooing like a pigeon. But to suggest that symphonies that were in existence at the time of Batteauxs text are imitative is absurd. Most of the early theories on art are irrelevant to todays work, the definitions dont seem to have a very long shelf life as the artists are constantly trying to ou t do the philosophers. Its almost like a game. To classify all art under one category is a daunting and in my opinion futile task. Consider all the different genres of art, from music to painting to sculpture to dance to film, and then from there, divide those into their own respective genres, abstract, symbolist, surrealist, et al. There cannot be a single definition for all forms of art today. In each philosophys time, Im sure they were fairly accurate in their theory of their art, but to think of relating these primitive theories to todays art is absurd to say the least. Neo-representationalism is the closest theory of art in the first readings. To say that art has to be about something is very accurate, art has a purpose, it is created for a reason, therefore it is about something. To be able to classify such difficult art pieces such as ready- ...

Liquid and Other Types of Lunch

Liquid and Other Types of Lunch Liquid and Other Types of Lunch Liquid and Other Types of Lunch By Maeve Maddox Until recently, I’d assumed that lunch was a clipping of luncheon. Come to find out, the words originated separately. According to the OED, luncheon is of uncertain origin, but lunch is thought to have come from Spanish lonja, â€Å"a slice.† Both luncheon and lunch first referred to a thick piece of something, such as â€Å"a hunk of bread.† In time, both words came to mean â€Å"a light repast between mealtimes.† On the Ngram Viewer, lunch and luncheon cruise along in tandem until about 1880, when lunch pulls ahead. Luncheon peaks in the 1920s and then declines. By then, some middle class speakers had come to believe that lunch was a slang word derived from luncheon and complained about its use by the younger generation. Both words still refer to a meal lighter than dinner, but now have markedly different connotations. A Google search shows 625,000,000 results for lunch compared to 43,200,000 for luncheon. The latter has acquired connotations of formality and a kind of prissiness that do not attach to lunch. One â€Å"has lunch† but â€Å"attends a luncheon.† A Web search suggests a certain gender bias: â€Å"ladies’ luncheon† brings 374,000 results compared to 34,900 for â€Å"men’s luncheon.† The word lunch has found its way into several idioms. out to lunch A person who is â€Å"out to lunch† is unaware of what is going on around him: One [presidential] candidate is simply out to lunch, unaware until recently that there was even such a thing as Common Core. to lose one’s lunch â€Å"To lose one’s lunch† is â€Å"to throw up or vomit†: Once  the sight  would have  made me lose my lunch, but it didnt anymore. Was it a bad sign that I didnt throw up on the corpses anymore? to eat your lunch To have someone â€Å"eat your lunch† is â€Å"to be soundly defeated in some competition†: If you don’t develop a marketing strategy, your competitors will eat your lunch. no such thing as a free lunch All services, gifts, and ostensibly generous gestures will have hidden costs that the recipient must pay in the end: On the Internet, as elsewhere in life, there is  no such thing as a free lunch. [Free or low-cost online services need to be paid for somehow.] liquid lunch A â€Å"liquid lunch† is a â€Å"midday meal that leads to drunkenness.† An alarming 76 per cent of employees are coming back to work drunk after taking a â€Å"liquid lunch,† according to a new survey. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive AtFor Sale vs. On Sale40 Words Beginning with "Para-"

International Insecurity and the Use of Force Research Paper

International Insecurity and the Use of Force - Research Paper Example The formation of the United Nations is the most notable as it was formed soon after the end of Second World War with the main objective of promoting international peace and security. Moghaddam (2010) notes that whereas all actors acknowledge the essence of international security and the importance of avoiding international insecurity, they have not agreed fully on how to achieve this noble endeavour. There is a section of international actors that argue that force should not be used at all in the pursuit of international security, or addressing international insecurity for that matter. On the other hand, there are those who argue that use of force is necessary in addressing international security. This paper focuses on international insecurity and the use of force in an attempt to understand how these two aspects are conceptualized. Influence Decisions and actions in the international arena do not occur in a vacuum; instead, they are influenced by transnational actors, public opinion s, the media, and the interest groups. This is evidenced by how these actors have influenced the use of force (or lack of its use) in addressing international insecurity, for example in the case of the United States’ invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan (Chakravorty and Neti, 2009). Events such as the Hezbollah’s attacks targeting the Israeli Embassy in Argentina, the September 11, 2001 attacks targeting symbolic locations in the United States, and the series of crises in recent times in Syria and Libya bear all the features of international insecurity. What is of more interest in this paper is how they should be responded to: should force be used or alternatives to use of force are used? Transnational actors have greatly influenced the use of force in addressing international insecurity. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is the most notable transnational actor which has influenced the use of force in tackling the international insecurity (Yost, 2007). It was part of the United States invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan, and most recently played a key role in ousting the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. However, other transnational actors such the UN Security Council have discouraged the use of force and have been advocating for the use of diplomacy (Yost, 2007). Most of the interest groups have also been against the use of force in addressing the international insecurity; for example, the American Conservative Union and Human Rights Watch have been against the use of force and argue that such use of force often lead to death of innocent people especially women and children. There has been divided public opinions regarding the use of force as a means of addressing international insecurity; there are those who are totally against it while others (especially the victims of international insecurity) consider use of force as the best strategy to tackle international insecurity (Ersen and O?zen, 2010). Just like is the case with the public opinion, med ia is divided on whether force should be used as a means of solving the problem of international security. Expected Utility Theory It is no doubt that the question of whether force should be used in addressing international insecurity is a â€Å"hot† one with opinions divided in the centre with those against it on one side and those for it on the other. Expected utility theory can be very critical in helping

American history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American history - Essay Example Industrialization left the northern states of the Union developed and the south was still operating under the agrarian practices, which had existed prior to the formation of the United States. The arguments of slavery address the fundamental questions, which are whether slaves are regarded as people or property, the view of states’ rights vs. federal rights, and the impact of sociology and religion in politics. The question of the rights of states and slavery started to begin as Manifest Destiny began to take place. The United States was becoming an established world power and was expanding west. As a result, the original thirteen colonies were growing. Some of these new territories were taken through purchases with foreign nations and some were the result of wars. The Compromise of 1850 dealt with the future of slave states versus those in the Union. In the compromise, there were specific territorial and financial compensations which were given in order to prevent the worst, but what would become an inevitable action: cessation of the southern slave states (Boyer, Clark, Hawley, Kett, & Rieserm 2010) The biggest debate, which was invoked, was over the debate of whether slaves were regarded as people or property. Seward argued on the behalf of natural law and the laws that were passed down by God.

Proposal for Artemis Sportswear Company Essay Example for Free

Proposal for Artemis Sportswear Company Essay Proposal for Artemis Sportswear Company for cutting operational expenses to increase profit margins; some ideas. As a business, Artemis can cut down the operational costs by down-sizing the labor force so the company can compete with other sportswear companies. There are two ways a company can down-size the labor costs, one of these is down-scaling the direct labor, and the other one would be to relocate the labor and obtain cheaper labor force. Reduce Employee Costs. Outsource any jobs where a full-time employee is not necessary. This will cut your payroll expenses, health-care costs and space requirements. Introduce a reward scheme for employees who do not take any sick days in a year or six-month period. The cost of the reward is minimal compared to the savings made by the company. Rather than pay overtime rates, try re-organizing the work rosters and routines to prevent the need for overtime. Offer staff incentives for reducing their personal days and sick leave taken. Hire college students or interns-Internship programs are a win-win for both sides. You get an ambitious employee who will do monotonous work and they get college credit, experience and hopefully, an excellent reference. Cutting everyday expenses can lower operational expenses. When purchasing office supplies, generic is going to be less expensive than brand name. Buying the store brand is generally sold at a lower cost. Buying supplies in bulk is cost effective over a long period of time. Leasing equipment is better than buying equipment. When leasing you have the opportunity to upgrade or downgrade when necessary. Technology is always changing and improving, so by leasing there is the option to stay current with the new changes in the equipment. Smaller equipment such as telephones, printers, fax machines and calculators should be purchased not leased. Smaller equipment will hold its value over time and can be easily replaced if needed. Try shopping for bargains or sales whenever possible. Company could go green by using products that produce less waste, or less energy. Curb your business travel and cut costs where you can. Meeting with long-distance clients is costly and it can be expendable for some businesses, but travel can also be the most beneficial expense for a business. Fortunately, modern technology can replicate the experience at a much lower cost; such as communicating through Skype or some other form of video chat link. Cut out the landline and fax line with Blackberrys and iPhones, and everything compatible for email, who needs them? Conceder free advertising whenever possible, try piggybacking your advertising. Including advertising material in other mailings, such as in invoices, saves postage and other costs, says J. Donald Weinrauch, co-author of The Frugal Marketer. Likewise, make the most of your point-of-purchase opportunities by tucking coupons, newsletters or other promotional fliers in the bag with customers purchases. Hire independent contractors or temporary workers as needed. Outsource your payroll, benefits and HR. Consider a virtual assistant or answering service to reduce payroll. Some IT Department solutions, Process Automation allows a smaller management team to effectively handle a larger number of systems Intelligent Software Delivery allows companies to more accurately assess how many licenses they will need when purchasing software Endpoint Virtualization reduces downtime for application conflicts and provides a secure workspace when roaming Power Management Capabilities documents compliance with energy consumption policies and may provide rebates from local power companies Remote Diagnostic Tools reduces required IT travel time and travel budgets.

Human Cloning Should Not be Permitted Essay -- Argumentative Persuasiv

     Ã‚   According to Richard Seed, "cloning is inevitable.   If I don't do it, someone else will.   There's no way you can stop science" (qtd. in Kadrey 2001). Depending on one's personal opinion about cloning, human cloning in particular, a quote such as that will most likely either anger a reader or excite them.   Human cloning is one of the hottest topics for debate in society today-the lines are very strictly drawn between those in favor of continuing cloning research and those who are staunchly opposed to it.   Meanwhile, despite public opinion, science trudges on behind closed doors working to clone the first human.  This paper will first provide a thorough, but brief, introduction into the topic of cloning itself, including its history and its mechanisms; then, through a series of carefully thought out points, it will illustrate why human cloning should not be allowed to continue at this point in time. Part A.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The "origins" of cloning are vague and variant from source to source.   It has been suggested that cloning began in 1952 when a team of geneticists removed a nucleus from an embryonic frog cell and placed it into an egg cell from which the nucleus had been removed.   To the amazement of the scientists, a frog was hatched from the egg cell with the embryonic nucleus.   The research was furthered in 1975 when embryologist John Gurdon of Britain attempted to do the same thing with an adult cell.   While his research was not fruitful, it started the ball rolling for later cloning attempts. Research with embryonic cells continued into the 1980s and led to the creation of cloned cows and sheep (Reilly 2000).   Finally, in 1997, scientists were able to take an older cell, that of an adult sheep, and successfully creat... ...."  Ã‚   CNN Online.  Ã‚   29 August 2000:   n. pag.  Ã‚   Online. http://www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/08/29/pope.cloning/index.html  Ã‚   12 April 2001. Reed, Susan.  Ã‚   "My Sister, My Clone."  Ã‚   Time Magazine.  Ã‚   19 February 2001:   51. Reilly, Philip R.  Ã‚   Abraham Lincoln's DNA and Other Adventures in Genetics.  Ã‚   Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2000. Thomas, Cathy Booth.  Ã‚   "Copydog, Copycat."  Ã‚   Time Magazine.  Ã‚   19 February 2001:   57. "Vatican leads chorus objecting to human cloning."  Ã‚   CNN Online.  Ã‚   18 April 2000:   n. pag.  Ã‚   Online. http://www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/08/18/vatican.cloning/index.html  Ã‚  Ã‚   12 April 2001. Whitehouse, David, Ph.D.  Ã‚   "Cloning humans: Can it really be done?"  Ã‚   BBC News.  Ã‚   9 March 2001:   n. pag. Online.  Ã‚   http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1211000/1211136.stm  Ã‚   12 April 2001.

Walls Book Review

THEO 330-D03 Walls â€Å"Do you ever have the feeling that you are missing out on something important? † Ryan starts. â€Å"It’s Probably because you are. † (Loc. 247) Many of us are missing out on all God has for our life. What is keeping us from living the life God intends? Walls– separating us from the greatness God has destined for us. We get stuck plateauing in our spiritual progress, seeming to come to a screeching halt with our growth in the Lord. This is the issue Rush begins to portray in his book, Walls. Rush paints a wonderful picture of how we, as Christians, are to live authentic lives.He provides much Biblical insight in this book to help us break the walls holding us back. We might overcome these stumbling blocks by learning to trust and chase after our Creator with all we have. Only then, He will begin to unveil His plan and promises. One of the greatest quotes of this book, is Ryan’s definition of a wall. He describes them as, †Å"an unhealthy mind-set that keeps you from living life as God has intended. † (Loc. 453) These bricks, slowly laid down over time, can consist of negative thoughts, sins, doubts, and bitterness against our God.There are no quick fixes in breaking these walls. He says that we need decision, self-control, and a plan in order to get through. In order to break the wall, Rush describes, we need to be able to recognize that the wall is there. Throughout the book, Rush does a great job and telling the people what to do. He really lays down plans and ideas that can get you closer to breaking through. He gives us many tools and actions to help us. We are told to make a plan, to have self-control, and make decisions to break the walls. Rush really emphasizes on the different types of walls we might see.He names almost a dozen different walls and how we are stuck behind them. He always ended with emphasis on our decision is what keeps us locked up behind them. â€Å"Everybody is stuck, but nobody has to be,† he names the chapter. One of the only issues, that I had found, was we were not given specific instruction about how to use these tools. He tells us we need to plan, but unfortunately, we do not se how to formulate such a plan. He tells us to use a hammer, but we do not know the specifics to using it. He gives us the keys to use the wrecking ball, but we receive no instruction to operate the crane.Without knowing how to operate the equipment, we are very unlikely to excavate these barriers–especially if you are the type-a kind of person. We need detailed instruction on how we are to begin the process, continue the process, and end the process of demolition. The positive aspect of this, would be that each reader has to learn from experience on how to succeed. We typically cannot cross these barriers in such short time. Applying this book to my life has been a great experience. I have been struggling much with different walls in my life. Pride has definitely been one of the most prevalent in my observation.I see that over time, I have built a wall brick by brick. Creating these barriers do not usually happen overnight, but they seem to be a progressive construction– they take quite a bit of time. I just remember, in my own life, that after a year of keeping my guard down, I looked up and saw a giant wall that I never realized was there. If we aren’t careful, then we will slowly build a wall that can keep us enclosed for way too long and seem near impossible to break through. What we need to realize, is that we have to see that the wall is there and that you built it. This was one of the hardest steps for me.We have to decide to tear down the wall. This is a ton of work! Unfortunately, if you begin to procrastinate the demolition, there is a good chance that the wall will continue to grow. We can’t just start hitting the wall with a hammer; we have to plan the demolition. If we just swing aimlessly, there is a slim chance that we will knock it down. We have to know where to hit, what to use, and how to prevent it from building back. Throughout this book, I have learned much about demolition that I have used in my own life. I am so glad that I was blessed to read this book; it was a great help!

Aristotle Ethics Essay

Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics provides a sensible account for what true moral virtue is and how one may go about attaining it. Aristotle covers many topics that help reach this conclusion. One of them being the idea of mean between the extremes. Although Aristotle provided a reliable account for many philosophers to follow, Rosalind Hursthouse along with many others finds lose ends and topics which can be easily misinterpreted in Aristotle’s writing. Aristotle explains his concept of â€Å"mean between the extremes† by the following quote: â€Å"In everything that is continuous and divisible it is possible to take more, less, or an equal amount, and that either in terms of the thing itself or relatively to us; and the equal is an intermediate between excess and defect† (Book II. 6, p. 1747 l. 25-28). Here he defines human virtue as an arrangement or disposition to behave in the right manner or as a mean between the extremes (excess and deficiency). However, later he continues to add how this mean or intermediacy is not the same for every person. A mean, according to Aristotle is determined by one’s needs and capacity. Not everyone has the same mean hence; everyone does not have the same needs or capacities. The mean, Aristotle goes on to explain, is relative to the person, not the object. It has to be relative to not only you as a person, but also relative to your situation, not just your opinion. â€Å"If ten pounds are too much for a particular person to eat and two too little, it does not follow that the trainer will order six pounds; for this also is perhaps too much for the person who is to take it, or too little- too little for Milo, too much for the beginner in athletic exercises. † (II. 6, 1747 l. 36-39) According to Aristotle, there is a right answer or an objectively correct mean for everyone when you take inot account their situation. Aristotle tries to paint a picture of how one should go about determining this mean in a situation. He provides several examples and instances and even presents the excess, defect and intermediate in each for the reader to analyze. Briefly, Aristotle classifies the mean as being the main characteristic in achieving excellence. He explains how moral excellence can only be attained through figuring out these excesses, deficiencies and intermediates. He also adds in how simply knowing these three is not everything, but feeling them at the right time, the right place, in the right situation, etc is just as important. â€Å"For instance, both fear and confidence and appetite and anger and pity and in general pleasure and pain may be felt both too much and too little, and in both cases not well; but to feel them at the right times, with reference to the right objects, towards the right people, with the right aim, and in the right way is what is both intermediate and best, and this is characteristic of excellence† (II. 6, 1747, 1106 l. 19-23). In book two, chapter seven, Aristotle begins to form an outline of general means that every person should be aware of. He talks about anger, pride, honor, the giving and taking of money, etc. By discussing these subjects he constructs an outline of summary of these states to help one better understand the principles behind attaining moral virtue. In chapter eight of book two, Aristotle discusses how one extreme may be closer to the mean than the other. He gives two reasons for this: one being drawn from the thing itself and the other from ourselves. In other words, when he states â€Å"for because one extreme is nearer and liker to the intermediate, we oppose not this but rather its contrary to the intermediate. E. g., since rashness is thought liker and nearer to courage, and cowardice more unlike, we oppose rather the latter to courage; for things that are further from the intermediate are thought more contrary to it? another is drawn from ourselves; for the things to which we ourselves more naturally tend seem more contrary to the intermediate† (II. 8, 1750, 1109 l. 4-14), he implies that when assessing the mean in relevance to the object itself, it can be seen that sometimes it falls closer to one end than the other. For example, as Aristotle explains, a coward lies further away from the mean (having courage) then rashness does. In a way, being rash implies being courageous because one who is rash does not think too hard before acting therefore shows courage, even though he/she does so in an illogical way. On the opposite end, someone who is referred to as a coward shows no courage and does not act bravely but rather chooses to hide and do nothing. The second method Aristotle discusses is related to ourselves and what we assume to be closer to the mean. He says that the things we mostly tend to do are the things we consider further from the mean. In other words we consider ourselves to be deficient in a sense because what we do seems to be the flip side of the intermediate. He says that since the extreme which is furthest from the mean is that which is the most contrary to the mean we describe the things we are most likely to lapse inot as contrary to the intermediate. In addition, referring back the courage example, people know that we are more likely to be cowardly than rash, so we are more aware of being deficient in courage. Aristotle goes on to discuss how one may figure out what extreme the mean is closer to. He says that to do so, one must follow three rules: 1) avoid the extreme which is furthest from the mean, 2) notice what errors we are most likely to commit and avoid them diligently, and 3) be wary of pleasure because it often slows or blurs our judgment. If these three rules are obeyed, Aristotle says that we shall be able to hit the mean between the extremes. When Aristotle uses the bent stick example, he is just showing a comparison between someone dragging themselves away from the bad extreme and trying to straighten a bent stick. They are both hard to do but they must be done for the overall good. When you straighten the bent stick, you are drawing it away from one side and bringing it back to the middle, just as one must do with themselves. Rosalind Hursthouse does a very good job in discussing Aristotle’s concept of phronimos. Hursthouse believes that the phronimos is different from a person who is not truly virtuous but nonetheless hits the mean between the extremes on a particular occasion in the sense that the phronimos is a master in all the v-rules presented by Aristotle in his account. It is these v-rules that help the phronimos be as good at making decisions and making the right choices as Aristotle suggests he is. Hursthouse says that even though these v-rules exist, they do not capture what gives the phronimos his special knowledge. Therefore, she goes on to say â€Å"What is special about the phronimos’s knowledge is the especial understanding he brings to these rules, his unique mastery of the concepts involved. All the difficult work, one might say, is done by this superior understanding, not by the rules themselves. To lack phronesis is to lack such mastery; so these rules, the v-rules, cannot be fully understood by those lacking phronesis† (13). So pretty much, even though a person can comprehend these rules and then hit the mean between the extremes after following them, he is still not doing that as well as the phronimos can because he/she is not capable of truly understanding those rules for what they are. Hursthouse thinks that there is no set code for the phronimos to follow. This code, often referred to as the v-rules discussed earlier, are not guidelines because they are not very hard to comprehend. They are only statements of simple moral virtue that anyone who has had a decent upbringing knows to some extent. Therefore she argues, how can these rules be a code for the phronimos when it is so far ahead of the normal person and sees what normal, non virtuous individuals cannot. This debate was primarily between the generalists and the particularists. The generalist said that the phronimos must know a code but the particularist denied it. Since the phronimos does not attain virtue through a code, Aristotle explains that his virtue is due to a proper upbringing mixed with the right lectures in adult hood. In other words, unless someone does not have the right childhood and does not learn the appropriate and virtuous ways of life during this childhood, he cannot grow up and attain phronimos by listening to a philosopher’s lectures because he is not equipped with the right â€Å"tools† to truly understand the essence of moral virtue. As Hursthouse states, â€Å"Phronesis-excellence in practical reasoning, moral knowledge- can be acquired only by habitually engaging in virtuous action, not, for example, just by learning a written code of conduct† (16). This statement holds true because once again, the phronimos differs from the normal non virtuous man not because he knows this â€Å"code of conduct† but because he knows how to properly interpret and apply it to life and his surroundings. He knows what to look for in every situation whereas someone that only has a general understanding does not know what to look for. That is how the phronimos is able to make certain decisions that an ordinary person may not be able to make. Therefore, the phronimos not only has knowledge of these code-like rules, but he has â€Å"special knowledge†. Given the nature of virtue, it can be said that Aristotle does not give the best account one can in regards to moral living because he focuses too much on phronimos. His concept of phronesis seems to be unattainable almost because he repeatedly states that it cannot be attained through normal means. In a way he even insults philosophers by saying that a person cannot attain this perfect moral virtue through their lectures. Another reason is because Aristotle relies too much on emotions to get a person through. Kant argues this by saying that emotions are not everything. Reason is just as important if not more because it provides a way to incorporate those emotions inot a logical explanation or even to better understand them. Aristotle incorporates reason inot his work but stresses emotions even more so. Aristotle has provided a very strong base frame for moral virtue. He covers all the main concepts and points that should be noted. However, there are many lose ends in his work as well. He does not go inot much detail about the different situations that can arise when trying to do what is morally virtuous. However, overall Aristotle provides an accurate account. Aristotle’s Ethics are the ground work for many philosophers in trying to understand what moral virtue truly is. He provides a definition of what every man should try and achieve (phronimos). Many philosophers not only argue his points but also agree with them. At the end of the day, it is he who set the main rules for virtue.

Jimi Hendrix Experience essays

Jimi Hendrix Experience essays Jimi Hendrix was born November 27, 1942 in Seattle Washington. His parents werent the greatest role models for him and they had a lot of problems raising him in a stable environment, so his grandmother helped raise him to become a decent human being. [According to hotshotsdigital.com] Jimis father bought him his first guitar when he was 12 and he pretty much taught himself how to play it on his own. At the age of 16, Jimi was thrown out of high school because he was caught holding hands with a white girl, and since he was black,descrimination became a big problem for him in the early 60s. When he was 17, he enlisted in the paratrooper division of the army and began jumping out of planes and liked it alot. But after 14 months of doing that he began to have little injuries that caused him to be discharged from the army. Now I am going to inform you how Jimis career blossomed significantly and how he started to become very well known. [According to jimihendrix.com] Once he left the army, he began to have an interest in playing guitar again and started playing very well. Four years later he got good enough to start playing backup guitar for Little Richard and Tina Turner and began touring around the states with their bands. Then in 1965, Jimi finally formed a band called the Jimmy James and the Blue Flames. After he toured awhile with that band, the bassist from the Animals named Chas Chandler saw a show of them and became seriously interested in Jimi Hendrix. He loved is guitar style. So Chas asked Jimi if he could be his manager and go to London to form an even greater band. Jimi accepted the offer and they flew over to London and Jimi started in a band called the Jimi Hendrix Experience. Noel Redding was the bass player, and Mitch Mitchell became the drummer. The band toured in Europe for awhile and got a record deal. Now I am going to inform you guys how Jimi became...

Amusement Parks Essay Example for Free (#3)

Amusement Parks Essay * A rushing Feeling of anticipation and excitement takes over you as you’re taking the journey through the maze called the parking lot. * Arrive at destination and a million things trickle in your head similar to look how big this place is or which rides should I attend to first and many more. * Theme parks are a sense of liveliness. * Everywhere you look; crowds of people are in high-spirits and have a bundle of energy. * Children and teens of all ages dash over to rides to get in the front row. * There is laughter, people talking, people happy or down. * Kids tugging on their parents clothes to beg for things they want. â€Å"Mommy can I go on this ride?† * The main attractions are mainly the roller coasters and rides. This includes rides that twist, turn, flip, sling, go fast, go slow, and sometimes get you soaked in water. * Amusement Parks are so massive that people can get lost. * They provide maps that have pictures and the title of the certain events or places of the park this way people know where they want to go first and how to get out. * Some theme parks not only have rides but tamed and trained animals that can do tricks to entertain the audience and then there are animals that are behind glass windows casually walking around or doing something with their partners in the area they sleep in. Amusement Parks. (2017, Feb 03).

Alternative media Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Alternative media - Case Study Example It’s obvious this is a subtle dig at the propensity of tobacco to be a cancer causing agent. In other such co-optations Adbuster’s parodied Tiger Woods as a picture of the Nike logo in the background was featured and then a swoosh sign within Tiger Wood’s mouth was inserted. The implications for this are clear, as it demonstrates a political commentary on the means by which Nike has purchased Wood’s advertising power and voice. Another image has the slogan ‘Buy Nothing Day’ with a giant credit card running down the street displayed. In these regards, there are ultimately two means of constructing these forms of alternative commercialization. The first being the alteration of existing imagery in an effort to play on the power effects contained in these images. The second method is the direct construction of methods that call into question mainstream social ideals, for instance consumerism. References "Culture Jammers." Adbusters. N.p., 2011. We b. 7 Apr 2011. .